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METAFUNCTIONS

1. Definition of Metafunctions      Metafunctions are central to Systemic Functional Grammar, a theory developed by M.A.K. Halliday. According to Halliday, language has three broad functions (metafunctions) that are always working simultaneously in any instance of communication.       A metafunction is a way of understanding how language is structured to make meaning — in terms of experience, interaction, and organization of the message. 2. The Three Metafunctions A. Ideational Metafunction Function: Represents experience — things happening, people involved, and the circumstances. Focus: Content and meaning about the external and internal world. Types: Logical: Relationships between clauses (e.g., cause-effect) Experiential: What’s happening (actions, events, etc.) Components: Processes (verbs) Participants (nouns/noun phrases) Circumstances (adverbs, prepositional phrases)  Example: The teacher explained the lesson in de...
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STRUCTURE OF PREDICATION AND MODIFICATION

  1. Structure of Predication      The Structure of Predication forms the core of any sentence — it involves the Subject (NP) and the Predicate (VP). The predicate says something about the subject, often an action, state, or condition. NP (Noun Phrase) = Subject VP (Verb Phrase) = Predicate The VP may include: the verb, objects, complements, or adverbials. Example Sentence: My sister is reading a book. S / \ NP VP / \ / \ Det N Aux VP | | | / \ My sister is V NP / \ Det N | | a book "My sister" = NP (Subject) "is reading a book" = VP (Predicate) "a book" = NP (Object)   2. Structure of Modification      Modification involves one element modifying or adding detail to another. The word being described is the head, and the word or phrase that ...
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CLAUSE

 CLAUSE      A clause is a fundamental building block of English grammar. It's a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate (verb) . This essential combination allows a clause to express a complete thought or to contribute to a larger, more complex sentence.   Types of clauses: 1. Independent Clause / Main Clause      An independent clause is a complete sentence on its own. It has a subject and a verb and expresses a full idea without needing any additional information. Think of it as the core message of a sentence. Examples: She sings. (Here, "She" is the subject and "sings" is the verb.) The dog barked loudly. I went to the store. 2. Dependent Clause / Subordinate Clause      A dependent clause also contains a subject and a verb, but it cannot stand alone as a complete sentence . It relies on an independent clause 1 to make full sense. Dependent clauses often begin with subordinating conjunctions (like bec...
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